The reason is that case 4 did not use solvent extraction for separating the mixed products from the sulfuric acid. Therefore, the utility requirements, as well as the operating cost of the process, weredecreased. In terms of the environmental impacts, case 4 is alsovery attractive. Apparently, the process delivered the lowest environmental impacts in all categories. Overall, case 4 demonstratedthe best results in all aspects. Hence, it is the best alternative forvanillin production process in this study. Overall, the base case results indicated 6.1 kg lignin usage/kg vanillin, 24.13 GJ/kg vanillin(product), and 137.78 kg CO2 equivalent/kg vanillin, while the case4 results were 6.1 kg lignin usage/kg vanillin, 24.10 GJ/kg vanillin(product), and 137.61 CO2 equivalent/kg vanillin
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