反芻思考藉由關注、專注及強化負面事件的回憶，並且從抑鬱面來解釋事件等，

反芻思考藉由關注、專注及強化負面事件的回憶，並且從抑鬱面來解釋事件等，容易引發沮喪心情(Lyubomirsky, Tucker, Caldwell, & Berg, 1999)。一些研究認為，反芻回應風格是神經質的認知表現，高神經質的個體較容易緊張、興奮、感傷、敏感及沮喪(Griffith et al., 2010)。此外，他們專注於自我，容易感到困惑與決策困難，並在負面事件中反覆思考(Chen et al., 2017)。一項針對老年人的研究顯示，神經質較高的老年人更容易反芻思考，而且容易對負面的生活事件產生心理糾結，最終導致更高的焦慮與抑鬱(Chen et al., 2017)。然而，不僅針對老年人，一些實證研究也發現神經質與反芻思考間的正向關係(e.g., Muris et al., 2005; Nolan et al., 1998; Roelofs et al., 2008)。因此，本研究提出以下假說： Hypothesis 1: 神經質與反芻思考呈正向關係。

結果 (英文) 1:

By thinking ruminant attention, focus and strengthen the memories of negative events, and to explain the events from the surface, such as depression, easily lead to frustration (Lyubomirsky, Tucker, Caldwell, & Berg, 1999). Some studies suggest that rumination in response to cognitive performance style is neurotic, highly neurotic individuals than nervous, excited, sad, sensitive and depressed (Griffith et al., 2010) . In addition, they focus on themselves, easily confused with difficult decisions, and repeatedly thinking negative events (Chen et al., 2017) . A study of the elderly showed that rumination is easier to think of higher nervous elderly, but also prone to psychological tangle of negative life events that ultimately lead to higher anxiety and depression (Chen et al., 2017) . However, not only for the elderly, a number of empirical studies have found a positive relationship between neuroticism and rumination thinking (eg, Muris et al, 2005 ;. Nolan et al, 1998;. Roelofs et al, 2008.). Therefore, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
1 Hypothesis: neuroticism and ruminant thinking positively related.

結果 (英文) 2:

Ruminant thinking is prone to depression by focusing, focusing, and enhancing memories of negative events, and explaining them from the depressive side (Lyubomirsky, Tucker, Caldwell, and Berg, 1999). Some studies have suggested that ruminant response styles are neurotic cognitive manifestations, with highly neurotic individuals more prone to tension, excitement, sentiment, sensitivity, and depression (Griffith et al., 2010). In addition, they focus on themselves, are prone to confusion and decision-making difficulties, and think again and again in negative events (Chen et al., 2017). A study of older people with a higher level of neuroticism showed that older people with high neuroticism were more likely to think and to have psychological entanglements with negative life events, leading to higher levels of anxiety and depression (Chen et al., 2017). However, not only for the elderly, some empirical studies have also found a positive relationship between neurosis and ruminant thinking (e.g., Muris et al., 2005; Nolan et al., 1998; Roelofs et al., 2008). Therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed in this study:
Hypothesis 1: Neurotic and ruminant thinking is positive.

結果 (英文) 3:

Ruminant thinking can easily lead to depression by focusing on, focusing on and strengthening the memory of negative events, and explaining events from the perspective of depression (Lyubomirsky, Tucker, Caldwell, & Berg, 1999). Some studies suggest that ruminant response style is a cognitive performance of neuroticism, and individuals with high neuroticism are more likely to be nervous, excited, sad, sensitive and depressed (Griffith et al, 2010). In addition, they focus on themselves, easily feel confused and difficult to make decisions, and think repeatedly in negative events (Chen et al., 2017). A study on the elderly shows that the elderly with higher neuroticism are more likely to ruminate, and tend to have psychological tangles in negative life events, leading to higher anxiety and depression (Chen et al, 2017). However, some empirical studies have also found a positive relationship between neuroticism and ruminant thinking, not only for the elderly (e.g., muris et al., 2005; Nolan et al., 1998; Roelofs et al., 2008). Therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed in this study:
Hypothesis 1: there is a positive relationship between neuroticism and ruminant thinking.