(1) 構念 p.25所謂構念，抽象概念常稱之。概念的抽象性有不同層級

(1) 構念 p.25
所謂構念，抽象概念常稱之。
概念的抽象性有不同層級之分，意即概念本身涉及具體實物的程度有所不同。舉例而言，桌子為具體的概念；然個性即為一種極抽象的概念，難以具體化。諸如此類的抽象概念常被稱為構念。
換言之，為了特定研究或基於建構理論的目的，而明確的發展出一個形象或抽象的想法，稱為構念。尤其是在我們企圖傳達的想法或形象，無法由直接觀察得到的時候，藉著混和更簡單、更具體的概念，我們建立的構念。即多個概念組成了構面。
(2) 操作性定義 p.26
操作性定義是以專有名詞陳述具體準則的定義，作為檢定或測量的依據。
而這些專有名詞必須提到實證的標準(即是我們必須能夠計算、測量，或透過感知以其他方式蒐集資訊)。不論定義的對象是實體的或高度抽象的，都必須說明其特性以及觀察方式。規格與程序必須非常清楚，讓任何人都能使用相同方式執行。
(3)因果性假說 p.32、33
又稱解釋性假說，暗示一個變數的存在或改變，會引發或導致另一個變數的改變。原因變數一般又稱為獨立變數(IV)，其他的則稱為依變數(DV)。而獨立變數不須是造成依變數存在或改變的唯一因素。
再提出或解釋因果性假說時，研究者必須思考影響的方向。而這些通常可由變數性質觀察到。
(3) 可驗證的檢定 p.37、38 ( 我找不太到答案 > < )
意即是可以透過感官經驗或歸納邏輯(包括數學和統計)的方式，指導觀察與命題。重點在於可以「實證」。
(5) 演繹法與歸納法 p.38、39
 演繹法
為一種結論式的辯論：必須遵循已知的理由得出結論。這些理由隱含著結論並代表著證據。與歸納法相比，理由和結論間的連結性更強。
為了使演繹法結果正確，這些理由必須真實且有效。舉例而言：所有的人都會死(理由)，蘇格拉底是人，所以蘇格拉底會死(結論)。
 歸納法
是根據一個或更多特定的事實或證據來提出結論，理由和結論間的連結性不如演繹法那麼強。這個結論解釋這些事實，而事實支持這結論。但結論只是一項假說，只是一種解釋，仍還有其他解釋也能符合這事實。
舉例而言，黑人有一個鼻子；白人有一個鼻子；黃種人也有一個鼻子；所以只要是人都有一個鼻子。

結果 (英文) 1:

(1) constructs p.25The so-called constructs, abstract concepts are often called.Concept of abstraction has two different levels means that the concept involves a specific kind of difference. For example, the table for the specific concept of personality is a very abstract concept, it is difficult to materialize. Abstract concepts such as these are often referred to as constructs.In other words, for the purpose of specific research or based on constructivist theory, and clear development of Visual or abstract ideas, called construct. Especially when we attempt to convey the idea or image, cannot be directly observed, through mixing and more simple, more specific concept, we construct. Namely the multiple components of the dimensions.(2) the operational definition p.26An operational definition is based on the definition of the term State specific guidelines, as a basis for calibration or measurement.These proper nouns must be referred to empirical criteria (that is, we must be able to calculate, measure, or otherwise gather information through perception). Whether objects are entities that are defined or highly abstract, and must state the characteristics and way of seeing. Specifications and procedures must be clear, so that anyone can use the same way.(3) the causal hypothesis p.32, 33 Also known as interpretative hypothesis implies the existence of a variable, or change can lead to or cause a change in another variable. Cause variation, also known as the independent variable (IV), others are known as the dependent variable (DV). Not required is the dependent variable and the independent variable or change the only factor.Or further explain the causal hypothesis, researchers must consider impact direction. These usually can be observed by the variable properties.(3) a verifiable test p.37, 38 (I can not find answers > <)Means is through sensory experience or inductive logic (mathematics and statistics), direct observations and propositions. Focuses on "positive".(5) the deduction and induction, p.38, 39 deductionAs a conclusion of the debate: must follow a known reason for that conclusion. These reasons implied conclusion and on behalf of the evidence. Compared with the inductive method, more strong links between reasons and conclusions.In order to make the deduction right, these reasons must be true and valid. For example: all people will die (for), Socrates is a man, so Socrates will die (conclusion). inductionIs based on one or more specific conclusions on the facts or evidence, reason and the link between the conclusion of less strong than the deduction. The conclusions to explain these facts, and the facts support this conclusion. But the conclusion is just a hypothesis, but one explanation, still another interpretation is also in line with the facts.For example, Blacks have a nose; White had a nose; yellow have a nose, so as long as people have a nose.

結果 (英文) 2:

(1) p.25 construct
so-called constructs, abstractions often call it.
The concept of different levels of abstraction points, which means the concept itself relates to the extent of a specific kind of different. For example, a table for the specific concepts; natural personality is a very abstract concept, hard concrete. Like abstraction often called constructs.
In other words, for a specific purpose of research or theory based on constructivism, and develop a clear image or abstract idea, called constructs. Especially when we try to convey an idea or image can not be obtained by direct observation, by mixing a simpler, more specific concepts, we established constructs. That concept composed of multiple facets.
(2) operational definition p.26
operational definition is based on the definition of the proper noun forth specific guidelines as the basis for calibration or measurement.
These standards must be mentioned empirical proper nouns (ie, we must be able to calculate, measure, or through perception otherwise collect information). Whether the object is defined or highly abstract entity, it must explain their characteristics and way of seeing. Specifications and procedures must be very clear, so that anyone can use to perform the same way.
(3) the causal hypothesis p.32,33
known as explanatory hypothesis, suggesting the presence or change a variable, it will cause or lead to changes in another variable. The reason variable general also called independent variable (IV), others are called according to variables (DV). The independent variables are not the only factors to be variable depending on the presence or altered.
Or again when asked to explain the causal hypothesis, researchers must think about the direction of impact. These can usually be observed variable nature.
(3) verifiable test p.37,38 (I do not find the answer> <)
means that you can experience through the senses or inductive logic (including mathematical and statistical) approach, guiding observation and proposition. It can focus on "empirical."
(5) deduction and induction p.38,39
Ø deduction
formula as a conclusion of the debate: must follow the known reasons to conclude. For these reasons implicit conclusion and represents evidence. Compared with the inductive method, grounds and conclusions links between stronger.
In order to make the deduction results are correct, those reasons must be real and effective. For example: all of them will die (reason), Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates mortal (conclusion).
 induction
is based on one or more specific facts or evidence to make the link between inferior deduction conclusion, the reasons and conclusions between so strong. This conclusion is to explain these facts, and facts to support this conclusion. But the conclusion is only a hypothesis, but an interpretation, still there are other explanations are also able to meet this fact.
For example, blacks have a nose; a Caucasian nose; yellow man also has a nose; so long as people have a nose.

結果 (英文) 3:

(1) the so-called p.25
, which is often called the abstract concept. Abstract the concept of
have different hierarchical structure, which relates to the specific physical concept itself differently. For example, the table is a concrete concept; however, the personality is a very abstract concept, it is difficult to be specific. The abstract concepts such as these are often referred to as a structure. In other words, in order to develop a clear idea of an image or an abstract idea in order to study or base on the purpose of constructing a theory, a concept is called a structure. Especially in our attempt to convey the idea or image, can not be directly observed by the time, by blending more simple, more specific concepts,We set up a structure. Multiple concepts form the structure surface.
(2) operational definition of p.26
operational definition is defined as the definition of the specific criteria, as the basis for verification or measurement. And these exclusive nouns must be referred to the empirical criteria (i.e., we must be able to calculate, measure, or gather information in other ways). Regardless of the definition of the object is the entity or a high degree of abstraction, it is necessary to explain the characteristics and the way of observation. Specifications and procedures must be very clear, so that no one can use the same way to perform.
(3) the causal hypothesis p.32, 33
also called the explanatory hypothesis,A change in the presence or change of a variable that can cause or lead to a change in another variable. The reason is generally called the independent variable (IV), the other is called the dependent variable (DV). The independent variable is not the only factor in the existence or change of a variable. When the hypothesis is put forward and explained, the researcher must think about the direction of influence. And these are generally observed by variable properties.
(3) can be validation verification p.37 38 (I can't too to answer > <)
means can through sensory experiences and inductive logic (Mathematics and Statistics), guided by observations and proposition. Focus on the "positive".
(5) deductive method and inductive method p.38, 39
- deductive method
is a conclusion of the debate: must follow known reason to conclude. These reasons imply the conclusion and represent the evidence. Compared with the inductive method, the reason and the conclusion is stronger. In order to make the interpretation of the results correct, these reasons must be true and effective. For example, all of the people will die (reason), Socrates is human, so Socrates will die (conclusion). Inductive
-
is conclusion is put forward according to one or more specific facts or evidence, and the reason and the conclusion of connectivity as deductive method then. This conclusion explains these facts,And facts support this conclusion. But the conclusion is only a hypothesis, but a kind of explanation, there are still other explanations can also be consistent with the fact.
for example, blacks have a nose; whites had a nose; yellow also has a nose; so long as it is people have a nose.