The chart shows instantaneous cooling rate (solid line) as well as the temperature vs time (dotted line). During quenching into water, the water is vaporized and forms a "vapor blanket" around the steel which acts as an insulator, slowing cooling. The formation of a vapor jacket is reduced by agitating the water, but is not perfect, which is why the cooling rate is initially relatively slow. Once the vapor blanket is broken, there is more of a boiling action where the water boils and forms bubbles around the steel; the bubbles float away and the liquid contacts the steel again. Finally, the steel cools sufficiently that boiling is no longer seen, and cooling then occurs due to convection (the heated water rises and is replaced with cooler water). Figure 21.15 is a schematic diagram represent ing the process.
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